Power-safe data management system

ABSTRACT

Embodiments of the invention include systems and methods for recovering the system status and maintaining drive coherency after an unexpected power loss. In particular, these systems and methods reduce overhead for maintaining drive coherency by providing for pre-allocation of groups of write addresses and recording the pre-allocated groups of addresses to the non-volatile memory. Write processes can write to the pre-allocated group of addresses while the next group of addresses are pre-allocated and recorded to non-volatile memory.

BACKGROUND

Solid-state storage drives allow for very fast read-write times to a solid-state storage media. Processing speeds on a controller in the solid-state drive can therefore have a noticeable impact on read-write throughput. Solid-state drives must also maintain data coherency within a solid-state storage system. If the solid-state storage system loses power suddenly, it must be able to recover to a usable state and be able to maintain, for example, which portions of memory are safe to write to and which are currently being written by write processes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Systems and methods which embody the various features of the invention will now be described with reference to the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 shows an overview of a non-volatile storage device.

FIGS. 2A, 3A and 3B show the contents of a master record for recording system status according to embodiments.

FIGS. 2B, 4A and 4B show flowcharts for managing a master record according to embodiments.

FIGS. 5A and 5B show flowcharts for recovering system status from a master record stored to non-volatile storage.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

While certain embodiments of the inventions are described, these embodiments are presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions.

System Overview

Embodiments of the invention are directed to systems and methods for reducing read-write delays by a controller on a non-volatile storage system while maintaining a record of system activity in non-volatile memory for recovery purposes. In embodiments, the record of system activity can be used to restore system status and maintain coherency in the event of a power loss.

As used in this application, “non-volatile memory” typically refers to solid-state memory such as NAND flash. However, the systems and methods of this disclosure may also be useful in more conventional hard drives and hybrid drives including both solid-state and hard drive components. As such, while certain internal operations are referred to which typically are associated with solid-state drives, such as “wear leveling” and “garbage collection,” analogous operations for hard drives can also take advantage of this disclosure.

In this disclosure, the term “superblock” is defined as a group of addresses on non-volatile storage media. This grouping of addresses can refer broadly to any method of grouping addresses together (e.g., page, blocks, etc.). In some embodiments, these groupings can include at least one block of write addresses from a plurality of dies in non-volatile storage media. In some embodiments, these groupings can be used by a controller to efficiently organize data access operations and manage the non-volatile storage system.

Referring to FIG. 1, a system diagram shows a non-volatile storage device 100 in communication with a host device 130 according to an embodiment. As depicted in this embodiment, a non-volatile storage device 100 can include non-volatile memory arrays 120 and a controller 110. The controller 110 is in communication with the non-volatile memory arrays 120 and with the host device 130. The controller in this embodiment includes a user data manager 111, a master record 112, an internal operations manager 113, and a media access request executor 114. The user data manager 111 is in communication with a device driver 140 on the host device 130 and can receive and process memory requests from a device driver 140 on the host device. The internal operations manager 113 can include system clean up and maintenance tasks, such as garbage collection and wear leveling operations for maintaining the non-volatile memory arrays 120. The arrays 120 may comprise a plurality of solid-state storage devices coupled to the controller 110. The arrays may comprise, for example, flash integrated circuits, Chalcogenide RAM (C-RAM), Phase Change Memory (PC-RAM or PRAM), Programmable Metallization Cell RAM (PMC-RAM or PMCm), Ovonic Unified Memory (OUM), Resistance RAM (RRAM), NAND memory, NOR memory, EEPROM, Ferroelectric Memory (FeRAM), or other discrete NVM (non-volatile memory) chips. The solid-state storage devices may be physically divided into planes, blocks, pages, and sectors, as is known in the art. Other forms of storage (e.g., battery backed-up volatile DRAM or SRAM devices, magnetic disk drives, etc.) may additionally or alternatively be used.

Media access requests can be sent from the user data manager 111 or internal operations manager 113 to the media access request executor 114 for execution on non-volatile memory arrays 120. In one embodiment, the media access request executor 114 schedules command execution on the non-volatile memory arrays and is responsible for any remaining translation tasks to execute a command on blocks of memory in the non-volatile memory arrays 120. When the user data manager 111 or internal operations manager 113 perform a write command, the write command may be executed on a superblock designated for the next writes for the write command. Each superblock may designate a selection of blocks from a plurality of physical dies on the non-volatile memory array for write commands. During operation of the controller 110, each write entity, such as the user data manager 111 and internal operations manager 113, may have associated with it a running process that is assigned a superblock. As each process completes writing to addresses in its assigned superblock, it may transition to another superblock to continue writing to the non-volatile memory arrays 120.

The master record 112 can maintain the status of operations within the controller 110. For example, the master record 112 can maintain the superblock(s) assigned to each write process. In one embodiment, the master record 112 resides in volatile memory. Therefore, in an embodiment the master record 112 may be periodically flushed (e.g., by the controller or a write process executed on the controller, via a write command to the media access request executor 114) so that its information is saved to the non-volatile memory arrays 120. In one embodiment, the information kept in the master record 112 should be sufficient such that in the event of a power loss, the system can recover an operating state while maintaining data coherency.

Record Processing

FIG. 2A depicts a master record 200 according to an embodiment. The master record includes data which can record the operating status of the device. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 2A, the master record 200 includes information about a write process 201. The write process can include a process initiated by the user data manager, internal operations manager or any other process on which can issue write commands to the non-volatile storage array. As used herein, a “process” may refer to a thread executed on a processor of the controller, and several threads may be concurrently executed on the same processor. Though data regarding a single write process is depicted here, the master record may maintain data for all write processes executed by the controller. This data about the write process 201 can include the superblock(s) designated to the process. In addition, the master record can maintain a free pool 202, reflecting superblocks which are available for use by write processes. When a superblock is allocated to a write process, it is removed from the free pool to reflect it is no longer available for other processes. Data reflecting an erase queue 203 can indicate superblocks which are in a queue to be erased from the non-volatile storage arrays. When the non-volatile storage array has successfully erased a superblock, that superblock may be removed from the erase queue 203 and placed in the free pool 202. The erase queue thus ensures data integrity because if power is lost while a superblock erase is in process, the erase will be re-initiated after power is restored. The master record 200 may also include a close queue 204, reflecting superblocks which have completed writing, but may still require additional checks or actions after a write process completes writing to the superblocks. The master record 200 may also include system tables 205, which can include a record of system status, such as corrupted blocks in the non-volatile memory array, a translation table, a mapping table, and/or other system tables. In one embodiment, the length of each superblock is also saved in the master record. A superblock may include 2,048 pages in one embodiment, though those skilled in art would appreciate that any number of pages (or other storage elements) may be included in a superblock.

The flowchart shown in FIG. 2B shows an embodiment of the method performed by a write process in conjunction with the master record shown in FIG. 2A. At block 210, the write process reaches the end of the superblock designated for the process. At block 220, the process allocates a new superblock for the subsequent writes from the free pool. At block 230, the process reserves the newly allocated superblock in the master record. At block 240, the process triggers a flush of the master record (with information on the newly allocated superblock) to the non-volatile memory. At block 250, the process waits for the master record flush to complete. The process waits for the flush to complete prior to writing to the subsequent block because if the process writes prior to the flush and the system is forced to revert to a copy of the master record in the non-volatile memory saved prior to the flush (for example, after a power loss), the record in non-volatile memory will not reflect that the write process is set to write to the subsequent block. The previously saved copy would still indicate that the write process is writing to the superblock that was being written to prior to block 210. Waiting until the master record with updated information on the newly allocated superblock has been flushed to the non-volatile memory thus ensures proper recovery after power loss. After the master record has been flushed to the non-volatile storage, the process can write to the new superblock at block 260. In one embodiment, the write process is executed by the controller 110 depicted in FIG. 1.

Pre-Allocation of Superblocks

While the waiting in block 250 ensures proper data recovery, the wait time incurred while flushing increases system overhead and reduces performance. The description and referenced figures below describe embodiments that eliminate or reduce the waiting while the master record is flushed. The elimination of the wait is made possible in one embodiment by a master record configuration involving the pre-allocation and tracking of groups of write addresses, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The performance-enhancing embodiments described herein may be selectively applied to processes that are performance-sensitive/critical. For example, the controller may be configured to apply these embodiments to write processes initiated by the user data manager and/or for garbage collection only. For other processes that are not deemed to be performance-sensitive/critical, the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B may be used. In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3A, the write process data 310 includes data related to several allocated superblocks. In this embodiment, the write process data 310 maintains data related to a previous superblock 311, a current superblock 312, and next superblock 313. In this figure, previous superblock 311 indicates that superblock “16” was the last completed superblock that has been written. Current superblock 312 indicates that superblock “25” is the superblock presently designated to be written to by the process. Next superblock 313 indicates that superblock “46” is the group of addresses to be written after completion of writing to the current superblock 312. When the process completes writing to the superblock designated the current superblock 312, the process can continue to write to the block designated next superblock 313, and rotate the corresponding superblocks in the master record 300. The other components 320, 330, 340, and 350 are the same as previously described above in FIG. 2A (202, 203, 204, and 205). The System Tables 350 may also include data reflecting a current and next superblock for system operations, as well as an activity log.

FIG. 3B reflects the status of the master record 300 after the process has rotated the allocated superblocks. The rotation may occur upon the write process reaching the end of the current superblock and is slated to begin writing to addresses in the next superblock. As shown, previous superblock 311 now holds a selection value of “25” which was previously in current superblock 312. Current superblock 312 now holds a value of “46,” which was previously a value associated with the next superblock 313. Next superblock 313 now holds a newly allocated superblock with a value of “67.” Superblock “67” may be taken from the free pool 320, as described above.

In this embodiment, superblocks are pre-allocated to a write process prior to the write process completing writes to the current superblock. In this way, the record reflects the future selection to be written by the write process. Pre-allocating a future superblock to a write process in the master record has several benefits. Upon reaching the end of the current superblock, the write process can immediately write to the next superblock and does not need to wait for the allocation of a new superblock before continuing to write. If the power is lost after the write process has begun writing to the next superblock but before the master record is updated and flushed to non-volatile memory, the master record can recover the system status and determine where the write process last wrote by referencing the current and next superblocks. Also, in one embodiment, the controller is configured to periodically flush the master record to the non-volatile memory independent of whether a write process has reached into a new superblock. In an embodiment, the master record is periodically flushed at a higher frequency than the occurrence of a process finishing up writing a new superblock. This enables the elimination of the above-referenced wait time, as will be further illustrated below by the processes depicted in FIGS. 4A and 4B. Additionally, maintaining the previous superblock allows it to be used by a logging process to log activity completed by a write process but was not logged prior to power loss, as further explained below in FIGS. 5A and 5B.

Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, embodiments for a method used by the write process are shown which are compatible with the master record as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. As shown in FIG. 4A at block 400, the write process reaches the end of the current superblock. The write process continues at block 410 to allocate a new next superblock from the free pool. This may trigger a flush of the free pool in some embodiments. At block 420, the write process designates, within the master record, the next superblock as the current superblock, and allocates a superblock as the new next superblock (a rotation process previously shown in the example in FIGS. 3A and 3B). As such, the write process records the new write process status in the master record at block 420. At block 430, the write process triggers a flush of the master record to non-volatile storage. At block 440, the write process can write to what was slated to be the next superblock at the start of the process (the superblock that has just been designated as the current) without waiting for the flush to complete.

As shown in FIG. 4B, the superblock allocation process does not need to be performed by the write process. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 4B, a separate master record manager manages the allocation of superblocks and the management of data related to those blocks maintained in the master record. The master record manager may be a component within the controller 110 in FIG. 1, or a process executed by the controller 110. At block 450, the write process reaches the end of the current superblock. The write process can send a signal to the master record manager indicating that it has completed writing to the current superblock. The write process can then immediately write to the next superblock at block 460 (since the next superblock has already been allocated within the master record). The master record manager receives the signal from the write process at block 470 and allocates a new superblock for the write process, which is then designated as the new next superblock. The new next superblock is reserved in the master record at block 480 and the master record manager can trigger a master record flush at block 490. In an embodiment, the flush may be performed right after a superblock is reserved (as shown in the figure), periodically after every Nth write, or when a set number of write processes have reserved new next superblocks. The write process can obtain the new next superblock either by referencing the master record or by being passed the new superblock from the master record manager. In one embodiment, the write process depicted in FIGS. 4A and 4B can be executed by the controller 110 depicted in FIG. 1.

Thus, through the pre-allocation scheme described above, embodiments of the invention eliminate the delay associated with waiting for the flushing of the master record while maintaining the power-safe property guaranteed by the flushing of the master record to the non-volatile memory. As discussed above, in an embodiment a ready-to-be-written superblock is automatically pre-allocated for each performance critical write process/thread (such as that from the user data manger or for garbage collection). In an embodiment, for these threads/processes, at any given time inside master record, one superblock is designated as the “current” superblock and an additional one is designated “next” so it will be written to when the “current” one is full. In an embodiment, the pre-allocation of these blocks of addresses for these performance critical threads are done automatically, so that as soon as writes from a “current” superblock overflow to a “next” superblock, a new “next” superblock will be allocated and chained after the old “next” superblock that has just been designated “current.”

One advantage of various embodiments of the invention is that the performance sensitive threads do not need to wait for the master record to be flushed, as the master record is guaranteed to be flushed before “next” superblock information is discarded, and thus is definitely power-safe. This is because, in various embodiments, a superblock includes thousands of pages and the master record is scheduled to be flushed periodically once several dozens or so operations are completed. The master record can be scheduled to flush by setting a flag when the master record is modified. In some embodiments, a flush can immediately be scheduled by placing the master record in a write execution queue. In these embodiments, the other write requests in the queue may correspond to writes designated for the “next” superblock (now “current” in the to-be-written master record). The queue in one embodiment has a queue depth of 32 and the master record is thus flushed after at most 31 other operations have been performed in the now “current” superblock. Since each superblock typically has thousands of pages in one embodiment, the master record flush will be completed before the operations fill the rest of the now “current” superblock. In other embodiments, the queue depth may be different, but the master record flush can be guaranteed to complete prior to another superblock rotation as long as the queue depth is configured to be less than the capacity of the superblock. For non-performance critical data, on the other hand, an embodiment is configured to be manually triggered to allocate a new superblock when one or more certain conditions are met.

Embodiments of the invention guarantee the storage system to be power-safe and ensure that, for any permanent, irreversible media action (like writes and erases to the non-volatile memory), crucial recovery data will be kept around inside the master record until the media action is recognized to be completed successfully. The guarantee may be applicable to the following scenarios:

-   -   In an embodiment, there is an erase queue mechanism built into         the master record that details what superblock will be erased.         The superblock will be removed from the queue only when the         erase has been completed successfully. Thus if a power-loss hits         while an erase is in progress, the superblock will be re-erased         on power-up and then removed from the erase queue only when the         erase has been completed successfully.     -   In an embodiment, the master record maintains a record of         superblocks that are “open”, i.e., ones that are currently         operated on, before it is even used as explained above. Thus,         the controller in an embodiment virtually tracks all superblocks         that can possibly be written to by any firmware component (e.g.,         the user data manager). As further described below in FIGS. 5A         and 5B, on power-up, the firmware can scan these superblocks to         find the last written page and update various tables (e.g.,         mapping table, invalid page table, invalid counter table,         superblock table, etc.) correctly. One key is that recovery data         related to writes to the non-volatile memory (e.g., NAND) is not         discarded until the tables are updated in volatile memory and         flushed (with the updates) to non-volatile memory successfully.     -   In an embodiment, the master record also includes “checkpoints”         for internal operations such as those related to wear-leveling         and garbage collection. In case of power-loss, the embodiment         provides these internal operations valuable information on         power-up after power is restored, such as: (1) the blocks or         superblocks each operation was working on, (2) at which         “checkpoint” did it complete successfully, (3) whether to         continue or restart from last checkpoint and move on as usual.         In some embodiments, the checkpoints can be used in the activity         logs to indicate which entries are relevant and which are         outdated.     -   In an embodiment, there is a close queue mechanism built into         the master record that lists the superblocks that are waiting to         be closed. The close queue ensures that tracking of the         superblocks does not end as soon as they are filled up. The         tracking cannot end yet because certain system tables may have         been updated only in volatile memory to reflect the last         operations performed on those filled-up superblocks but those         tables have not yet been flushed to the non-volatile memory. In         one embodiment, the mechanism will remove superblocks from the         close queue only when the necessary updates to the system tables         have been flushed to the non-volatile memory successfully.

System Status Recovery

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate methods for recovering system write status from the master record. Though described here as referring to system power-up, these techniques could be advantageous any time the system status needs to be loaded from a saved state on the non-volatile memory. FIG. 5A shows a method for recovering system write status corresponding to the master record of FIG. 2A. At block 501, the system is powered up. At block 502, the master record data stored in non-volatile memory is loaded by the controller. At block 503, the controller can check the last logged page (last page on which an associated data operation is logged in non-volatile memory) from the master record and scan the superblock designated for each write process from the last logged page for the last written page. In some embodiments, no record is maintained of a last logged page in the master record, in which case at block 503 the scanning for the last written page would start from the beginning of the current superblock. The master record may maintain a record (e.g., an activity log) logging write activities for internal maintenance purposes. Determining the last-written page enables the controller to designate the address to be used as the next write location for the process. In this way, the system can recover to the last page written by the process even if that location was not stored in the master record. This next write location can be set at block 504 for the process. In one embodiment, at block 505, the activity log is re-built to capture operations that have not been logged (from the last-logged page to the last-written page).

FIG. 5B illustrates the methods for recovering system write status for a master record which designates a previous, current, and next superblock (shown by the example depicted in FIGS. 3A and 3B). As in FIG. 5B, the system powers up at block 511 and loads the master record data at block 512. The master record data can include a reference to the last-logged page for each write process. The last-logged page may be within the superblock designated “previous” or the superblock designated “current.” The last-logged page may be from the superblock designated “previous” if, for example, the write process proceeds to a new superblock and flushes the master record before the logging process completes logging the previous superblock. The last-logged page may be from the superblock designated “next” if, for example, the write process continued to the next superblock and was logged prior to a successful flush of the master record. At block 513, the superblock corresponding to the last logged page is scanned for the last written page. As the superblock is scanned, the activity on the superblock drive can be recorded in the activity log to rebuild the log so that it is up-to-date with previously un-recorded data operations. At block 514, the system checks whether the last-written page was detected in the scanned superblock. If it was not, then the system can scan the subsequent superblock at block 515. For example, if the superblock that was just scanned is designated “previous,” the subsequent superblock is the “current” superblock. Likewise, if the scanned superblock is designated “current,” the subsequent superblock is the “next” superblock. The last-written page may be in the subsequent superblock because it is possible the system interrupted after the write process began to write to the subsequent superblock but before the rotated superblock allocation was flushed to the non-volatile media. The last-written write location can be set for a write process at block 516. As discussed above, through this process the system can determine the pages which must still be logged (those pages between the last-logged and the last-written pages) to rebuild the activity log and the write processes can continue to write from the last location where the last write actually occurred, even if it is not the “current” superblock.

CONCLUSION

While certain embodiments of the inventions have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventions. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made without departing from the spirit of the inventions. The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover such forms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of the inventions. For example, those skilled in the art will appreciate that in various embodiments, the actual steps taken in the processes shown in FIGS. 2B, 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B may differ from those shown in the figures. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the steps described in the example above may be removed, others may be added, and the sequence of steps may be altered and/or performed in parallel. Although this disclosure describes examples in which data are stored in groups of blocks termed superblocks, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various embodiments disclosed are applicable to systems with other memory measurement units such as planes, blocks, pages, sectors, etc. Also, the features and attributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combined in different ways to form additional embodiments, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure. Although the present disclosure provides certain preferred embodiments and applications, other embodiments that are apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, including embodiments which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein, are also within the scope of this disclosure. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is intended to be defined only by reference to the appended claims. 

1. A method performed by a controller of a solid-state storage subsystem for protecting against power loss, comprising: maintaining a record of drive status in a volatile memory of the storage subsystem, the record including, for a write process, data related to a first group of write addresses and a second group of write addresses, the first group of write addresses designated as a current group of addresses to which the write process is writing, wherein the write addresses designate address locations in a non-volatile solid-state storage array; writing to the first group of write addresses; upon writing to a last write address in the first group of write addresses, designating the second group of write addresses as the current group of write addresses to be written by the write process, the designation being reflected in the record of drive status; initiating a flush of the record to non-volatile memory of the solid-state storage subsystem after the designating, the flush including saving the record to a portion of the non-volatile solid-state storage array; and writing to the second group of write addresses prior to the completion of the flush of the record, whereby the write process is not delayed by the flush of the record, said method performed by a controller of the storage subsystem.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the record is stored in a master record in the volatile memory, and the master record is periodically flushed to the non-volatile memory.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the groups of write addresses are superblocks, wherein each superblock comprises at least one write block from a plurality of dies in the non-volatile solid-state storage array.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of reconstructing, subsequent to the power loss, system tables and write status by referencing the saved record.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the record further includes data related to a third group of write addresses, wherein the designating further comprises: designating the first group of write addresses as a previously written group of write addresses; and designating the third group of write addresses as the group of write addresses to be written upon writing to a last write address in the second group of write addresses.
 6. The method of claim 5, whereby the first group of write addresses designated as a previously written group of write addresses is used to restore a log of write process after the power loss.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the reconstructing includes reconstructing a write log with reference to the data relating to the first group of write addresses and data relating to the second of write addresses.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the record includes at least one of an erase queue, a close queue, and a free pool of groups of write addresses.
 9. A solid-state storage system configured to preserve system status information in anticipation of power loss, comprising: a solid-state memory array, including a plurality of memory units, each memory unit comprising a plurality of physical write addresses; a controller configured to control a plurality of write processes for writing data to the solid-state memory array, the plurality of write processes including a user data write process and an internal system write process, each of the write processes writing to portions of the solid-state memory array according to a memory unit assigned to the write process; and an interface to a host system through which the system receives memory commands to be executed by the user data write process; wherein the controller is configured to: maintain a record comprising data indicative of drive activity status and, for each of the plurality of write processes, data related to the assigned memory unit and a next memory unit, the next memory unit indicating a memory unit to which the write process will write after the physical write addresses in the assigned memory unit are exhausted; and flush the record to the solid-state memory array, the flushing being performed independent of any write process of the plurality of write processes completing writing to its assigned memory unit and beginning to write to the next memory unit, so that the writing to a next memory unit by a write process of the write processes is not contingent on a completion of a flushing of the record to the solid-state memory array.
 10. The solid-state storage system of claim 9, wherein the record further includes, for each of the plurality of write processes, data related an associated former memory unit recording physical write addresses to which the process has been writing.
 11. The solid-state storage system of claim 10, wherein when the write process completes writing to the assigned memory unit and begins writing to the next memory unit, the controller is further configured to re-assign, in the record, data related to the assigned memory unit as the data related to the former memory unit and the data related to the next memory unit as the data related to the assigned memory unit.
 12. The solid-state storage system of claim 9, wherein when the write process completes writing to the assigned memory unit and begins writing to the next memory unit, the record is updated to reflect the current write status of the write process and to allocate a new memory unit from the plurality of memory units as the next memory unit for the write process.
 13. The solid-state storage system of claim 12, wherein the record further includes an erase queue and a close queue, each of which includes a portion of the plurality of memory units, and wherein when the record is updated to allocate a new memory unit from the plurality of memory units, the allocated memory unit which is chosen from the plurality of memory units is not a memory unit included in the erase queue or the close queue.
 14. The solid-state storage system of claim 13, wherein the record further includes a free pool of memory units, and wherein the allocated memory unit chosen from the plurality memory units is a memory unit included in the free pool of memory units.
 15. The solid-state storage system of claim 9, wherein each of the memory units comprises a superblock.
 16. The solid-state storage system of claim 9, wherein the controller is configured to reconstruct the solid-state storage system status upon power-up from the record.
 17. A method of recording the status of a solid-state storage system, comprising: modifying, by a process executed by the controller of the solid-state storage system, data at a first subset of addresses in a solid-state storage array; allocating, for the process, a second subset of addresses in the solid-state storage array, such that the second subset is not modified by the process until the process has completed modifying data at the first subset of addresses; storing, in the solid-state storage array, a record including data reflective of the second subsets of addresses; modifying, by the process, data at the second subset of addresses, wherein the modifying of data at the second subset of addresses begins prior to completion of the storing step so that the modification to the data at the second subset of addresses is not reflected in the record stored in the solid-state storage media array; retrieving the record stored on the solid-state storage array; and scanning the first and second subset of addresses reflected by the data in the retrieved record, whereby the modifications performed by the process at the second subset of addresses after the storage of the record can be determined.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the process is one of a user data manager, a wear leveling process, or a garbage collection process.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the retrieving and scanning are performed after a power loss event. 